(A longer version of this article, with more references, appears at Democracy Cell Project blog
Blackwater has been in the news once again, this time because of questionable circumstances in an event which resulted in death and wounding of civilians. In more recent news, they are also suspected of arms smuggling. Now it seems that, despite controversy and investigation by the US Senate and the Iraqi government, they will continue to operate, with the excuse being given that otherwise there would be a "security vacuum." So with the broken and stretched US military and the flailing Iraqi military/police, security is still poor. It looks like the "hired guns" will stay.
I first heard of Blackwater, like many people, when four of their members were ambushed in Fallujah and their corpses were dragged through the streets, then hung from a bridge over the Euphrates. I had also heard about Dyncorp, alleged to have been involved in rapes in Kosovo with no legal way to prosecute them, and that they were from Texas with conservative government ties. Prior to that, I had known about "mercenaries" or "soldiers of fortune" and generally thought of them as macho rightwing adventures with a thirst for blood.
I solicited questions from friends via email, and we came up with some basics. The links we collected are at the bottom of the thread.
Who are Blackwater?
They are the world's most powerful mercenary firm, and growing fast. They are a private army, a private military company, called "mercenaries" by some. They are paid for with tax dollars. On their website,their Vision is: To support security, peace, freedom, and democracy everywhere.
Who founded Blackwater?
Blackwater was founded by an extreme right-wing fundamentalist megamillionaire ex-Navy SEAL named Erik Prince. He is hereditarily wealthy and his family bankrolls right-wing causes. They are based in the wilderness of North Carolina, named Blackwater because of the region they are based in.
What are they and other private military contractors supposed to do?
Their ostensible duty is to protect the top US officials. They are also capable of carrying out regime change anywhere in the world. They supply bodyguards for public officials (US and foreign), build detention camps (such as Guantanamo), pilot armed reconnaissance planes to destroy coca in Columbia, operate intelligence/communication at US Northern Commands in CO, and coordinate response for attack on the US.
Where are their operations?
Certainly Iraq, Afghanistan and a number of other foreign nations, and also inside the United States, as after Hurricane Katrina and in the mountains of Colorado. Blackwater has over 1000 employees just in Iraq, with a fleet of helicopters around the country.
What are their corporate structures like?
They are a for-profit business. Private military companies make over $100 million per year. The Center for Public Integrity reported that since 1994, the Defense Department entered into 3,601 contracts worth $300 billion with 12 U.S. based PMCs. The number of private security companies has proliferated to where some operate from laptops in small offices and hire as they acquire contracts, trying to compete with the larger companies.
Who are private military contractors licensed by?
The US State Department. As such, they also contract with foreign governments. They might train soldiers, reorganize militaries (as in Nigeria, Bulgaria, Taiwan, Equatorial Guinea). They are not supposed to engage in offense operations, merely defensive, but it's a huge gray area given the chaos that exists in military zones.
Has the number of private military contractors increased under our current President?
Yes, substantially. There are approximately 120,000 "private security contractors" are in Iraq, 48,000 of them working as combat soldiers. Their deaths are not included in the official casualty counts. Center for American Progress estimates The total number of private contractors in Iraq is estimated between 126,000 and 180,000, which includes 20,000 to 50,000 private security guards.
How are they recruited?
Entry level positions with the various companies can pay up to US$100,000 a year in some instances, or as high as US$1000 a day (most are deployed for a year and a half), which is 2-3 times more than what an average special forces soldier is paid.
Are private military contractors the same as defense contractors?
Not necessarily, but the 1949 Third Geneva Convention did not differentiate, but called them "supply contractors." Under a 1977 addition, if they engage in combat, they can be classified as mercenaries. If they are therefore unlawful combatants, they lose right to POW status. The US did not agree to this condition.
What are some of the things military contractors have done that have been controversial (other than increasing the number of Americans in military areas and muddying the waters as far as who is doing what)?
In 2003, employees of a private military company CACI were involved in the Iraq Abu Ghraib prison scandal.
In 2004, four American private contractors belonging to the company Blackwater USA were ambushed and killed by guerillas as they drove through Fallujah.
In 2005, 16 American contractors and three Iraqi aides were detained following two incidents in which they allegedly fired upon U.S. Marine checkpoint.
In 2005, a "trophy" video, complete with post-production Elvis music, appearing to show private military contractors in Baghdad shooting Iraqi civilians.
On September 17, 2007, the Iraqi government annouced it was revoking the license of the American security firm Blackwater USA. As of 9/1, they were going back to work as usual, though there is an investigation pending.
Can Blackwater be legally prosecuted?
No one seems to know, as they don't seem to be under anyone's jurisdiction. Even the State Department admits this. From Center for American Progress:"Visible, aggressive" private contractors have "angered many Iraqis, who consider them a mercenary force that runs roughshod over people in their own country." At Abu Ghraib, "the U.S. Army found that contractors were involved in 36 percent of proven abuse incidents," but "not a single private contractor named in the Army's investigation report has been charged, prosecuted or punished."
The founder and chairman of Blackwater USA, the private security contractor, has been told to appear next month before the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee. In a letter to Blackwater chairman Erik Prince, Rep. Henry Waxman, D-Calif., said the hearing would concentrate on "the mission and performance of Blackwater USA and its affiliated companies in Iraq and Afghanistan."
References for the Q/A above:
Congress Wants Testimony From Blackwater Boss
http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/092107N.shtml
Maliki Blasts Blackwater Firm
http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/092007A.shtml
Iraq Government Bans Blackwater
http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/091707A.shtml
Feds Target Blackwater in Weapons Probe
http://www.truthout.org/docs_2006/092207Z.shtml
Blackwater: Above the Law
http://www.tpmmuckraker.com/archives/004241.php
Iraqis Put the Heat on Blackwater
http://www.tpmmuckraker.com/archives/004229.php
Who Watches US Security Firms in Iraq?
http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20070919/ap_on_go_ot/us_iraq_contractors
Feds Probing Iraq Arms Smuggling By Blackwater Guards
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/huff-wires/20070921/us-blackwater-probe/
In The (Black)water
http://www.thenation.com/doc/20060605/scahill
Petition to pressure Condi Rice on this: http://act.truemajorityaction.org/o/2/t/21/petition.jsp?petition_KEY=21
From the petition from True Majority
This is still America. We can't hire mercenaries to fire on civilians with no accountability.
Tell Sec. Rice to put an end to it, and follow the Iraqi government's demand that Blackwater leave the country. This has to stop.
Slugbug
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